A recent explosion of research focuses on developing methods and tools for building fair predictive models. However, most of this work relies on the assumption that the training and testing data are representative of the target population on which the model will be deployed. However, real-world training data often suffer from selection bias and are not representative of the target population for many reasons, including the cost and feasibility of collecting and labeling data, historical discrimination, and individual biases. In this paper, we introduce a new framework for certifying and ensuring the fairness of predictive models trained on biased data. We take inspiration from query answering over incomplete and inconsistent databases to present and formalize the problem of consistent range approximation (CRA) of answers to queries about aggregate information for the target population. We aim to leverage background knowledge about the data collection process, biased data, and limited or no auxiliary data sources to compute a range of answers for aggregate queries over the target population that are consistent with available information. We then develop methods that use CRA of such aggregate queries to build predictive models that are certifiably fair on the target population even when no external information about that population is available during training. We evaluate our methods on real data and demonstrate improvements over state of the art. Significantly, we show that enforcing fairness using our methods can lead to predictive models that are not only fair, but more accurate on the target population.

为了捕获许多社区检测问题的固有几何特征，我们建议使用一个新的社区随机图模型，我们称之为\ emph {几何块模型}。几何模型建立在\ emph {随机几何图}（Gilbert，1961）上，这是空间网络的随机图的基本模型之一，就像在ERD \ H上建立的良好的随机块模型一样{o} s-r \'{en} yi随机图。它也是受到社区发现中最新的理论和实际进步启发的随机社区模型的自然扩展。为了分析几何模型，我们首先为\ emph {Random Annulus图}提供新的连接结果，这是随机几何图的概括。自引入以来，已经研究了几何图的连通性特性，并且由于相关的边缘形成而很难分析它们。然后，我们使用随机环形图的连接结果来提供必要的条件，以有效地为几何块模型恢复社区。我们表明，一种简单的三角计数算法来检测几何模型中的社区几乎是最佳的。为此，我们考虑了两个图密度方案。在图表的平均程度随着顶点的对数增长的状态中，我们表明我们的算法在理论上和实际上都表现出色。相比之下，三角计数算法对于对数学度方案中随机块模型远非最佳。我们还查看了图表的平均度与顶点$ n $的数量线性增长的状态，因此要存储一个需要$ \ theta（n^2）$内存的图表。我们表明，我们的算法需要在此制度中仅存储$ o（n \ log n）$边缘以恢复潜在社区。